Katemera 2021

Malinga ndi CDC, Katemera adzateteza anthu opitilira 21 miliyoni kuti agoneke m'chipatala komanso kufa 730,000 mwa ana obadwa m'zaka 20 zapitazi. Pa $1 iliyonse yoperekedwa ku katemera, pafupifupi $10.20 imasungidwa pamtengo wachindunji wamankhwala. Koma maphunziro ochuluka oleza mtima akufunika kuti apititse patsogolo katemera.

Ndiye vuto ndi chiyani?

Popeza pali nthano zambiri zokhudza katemera, tiyeni tilowemo.

Katemera woyamba

Mu 1796, dokotala wina dzina lake Edward Jenner anaona kuti obereketsa mkaka alibe matenda a nthomba omwe ankakhudza anthu a m’deralo. Kuyesa kopambana kwa Jenner ndi cowpox kunawonetsa kuti kupatsira wodwala matenda a ng'ombe kumamuteteza kuti asatenge nthomba, ndipo koposa zonse, adapanga lingaliro loti kupatsira odwala matenda amtundu wofananira, koma osawukira pang'ono, kungalepheretse anthu kuti ayambe kudwala kwambiri. Wodziwika kuti ndi tate wa chitetezo chamthupi, Jenner amadziwika kuti ndiye adapanga katemera woyamba padziko lonse lapansi. Mwachidziwitso, mawu oti "katemera" amachokera ku vaca, liwu lachilatini lotanthauza ng’ombe, ndi kuti liwu Lachilatini la ng’ombe linali katemera wa variola, kutanthauza “nthomba ya ng’ombe.”

Komabe, zaka zoposa 200 pambuyo pake, miliri ya matenda opereka katemera idakalipo, ndipo m’madera ena padziko lapansi ikuwonjezereka.

Panali kafukufuku wapa intaneti mu Marichi 2021 ndi American Academy of Family Physicians omwe adawonetsa chidaliro cha katemera chinali chimodzimodzi kapena chinawonjezeka pang'ono pa mliri wa COVID-19. Pafupifupi 20% ya anthu omwe adafunsidwa adawonetsa kuchepa kwa chikhulupiriro cha katemera. Mukaphatikiza mfundo yakuti anthu ochepa ali ndi gwero lalikulu la chisamaliro ndipo anthu amapeza zambiri kuchokera ku nkhani, intaneti, ndi malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, ndizomveka chifukwa chake pali gulu lolimbikira la okayikira katemera. Kuphatikiza apo, panthawi ya mliriwu, anthu sapeza chithandizo chomwe amachipeza nthawi zonse, zomwe zimawapangitsa kuti azitha kudziwa zabodza.

Kukhulupirira ndikofunika

Ngati chidaliro cha katemera kumabweretsa kulandira katemera wofunikira kwa inu kapena ana anu, pamene kusadzidalira kumachita zosiyana, ndiye kuti 20% ya anthu omwe salandira katemera wovomerezeka amaika tonsefe kuno ku US pachiopsezo cha matenda omwe angathe kupewedwa. Mwina tifunika osachepera 70% ya anthu kuti asatengeke ndi COVID-19. Kwa matenda opatsirana kwambiri monga chikuku, chiwerengerochi ndi pafupi 95%.

Kukayika kwa katemera?

Kukayika kapena kukana katemera ngakhale alipo katemera akuwopseza kubweza kupita patsogolo komwe kwachitika pothana ndi matenda omwe angapewedwe ndi katemera. Nthawi zina, muzondichitikira zanga, chimene tikuchitcha kuti kukayikakayika kwa katemera kungakhale chabe mphwayi. Chikhulupiriro chakuti “izi sizindikhudza,” kotero pali lingaliro la ena kuti awa ndi mavuto a anthu ena osati awo. Izi zalimbikitsa kukambirana kwakukulu za "mgwirizano" wathu ndi wina ndi mnzake. Izi zikufotokoza zimene timachita aliyense payekha kuti aliyense apindule. Zingaphatikizepo kuyima pa nyali yofiyira, kapena kusasuta m'malo odyera. Katemera ndi imodzi mwa njira zotsika mtengo kwambiri zopewera matenda - pano amaletsa kufa kwa 2-3 miliyoni pachaka, ndipo enanso 1.5 miliyoni atha kupewedwa ngati chithandizo chapadziko lonse cha katemera chingakhale bwino.

Kutsutsana ndi katemera ndi wakale monga katemera mwiniwake. M'zaka khumi zapitazi, pakhala kuwonjezeka kwa kutsutsa katemera wamba, makamaka motsutsana ndi katemera wa MMR (chikuku, chikuku, ndi rubella). Izi zidalimbikitsidwa ndi dokotala wakale waku Britain yemwe adafalitsa zabodza zokhudzana ndi katemera wa MMR ndi autism. Ofufuza aphunzira za katemera ndi autism ndipo sanapeze ulalo. Apeza jini yomwe ili ndi udindo zomwe zikutanthauza kuti chiopsezochi chinalipo kuyambira kubadwa.

Kusunga nthawi kungakhale chifukwa. Nthawi zambiri ana omwe amayamba kusonyeza zizindikiro za autism spectrum disorder amatero panthawi yomwe amalandira katemera wa chikuku, mphuno ndi rubella.

Kutetezedwa kwa ziweto?

Pamene anthu ambiri sagwidwa ndi matenda opatsirana, zimenezi zimapereka chitetezo chosalunjika—chotchedwanso chitetezo cha anthu, chitetezo cha ng’ombe, kapena chitetezo cha ng’ombe—kwa awo amene ali ndi nthendayo. Ngati munthu yemwe ali ndi chikuku abwera ku US, mwachitsanzo, anthu asanu ndi anayi mwa anthu khumi aliwonse omwe munthuyo atha kuwapatsira sangakhale otetezeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti chikuku chifalikire pakati pa anthu.

Matenda akamapatsirana kwambiri, m'pamenenso chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amafunika chitetezo chisanatsike.

Mlingo wachitetezo chotere ku matenda oopsa umapangitsa kuti, ngakhale sitingathe kuthetsa kufala kwa coronavirus posachedwa, titha kufika pamlingo wosatetezedwa komwe zotsatira za COVID zitha kutheka.

Sitingathe kuthetseratu COVID-19 kapenanso kuyifikitsa pamlingo wina ngati chikuku ku US Koma titha kupanga chitetezo chokwanira mwa anthu athu kuti chikhale matenda omwe ife monga anthu titha kukhala nawo. Titha kufika pamalowa posachedwa, ngati titalandira katemera wokwanira anthu ambiri—ndipo ndi koyenera kuyesetsako.

Nthano ndi Zowona

Bodza: Katemera sagwira ntchito.

Zoona: Katemera amateteza matenda ambiri omwe kale ankadwalitsa anthu kwambiri. Popeza kuti anthu akulandira katemera wa matendawo, sakupezekanso. Chikuku ndi chitsanzo chabwino.

Nthano: Makatemera ndi otetezeka.

Zoona: Kutetezedwa kwa katemera ndikofunikira, kuyambira koyambira mpaka kumapeto. Pachitukuko, njira yokhwima kwambiri imayang'aniridwa ndi US Food and Drug Administration.

Nthano: Sindikufuna katemera. Chitetezo changa chachilengedwe ndichabwino kuposa katemera.

Zoona: Matenda ambiri omwe angapewedwe ndi owopsa ndipo angayambitse zotsatira zokhalitsa. Ndizotetezeka kwambiri komanso zosavuta kupeza katemera m'malo mwake. Kuphatikiza apo, kulandira katemera kumakuthandizani kuti musafalitse matendawa kwa anthu omwe alibe katemera omwe ali pafupi nanu.

Bodza: Katemera amakhala ndi kachilombo komwe kamakhalapo.

Zoona: Matenda amayamba chifukwa cha mabakiteriya kapena ma virus. Makatemera amapusitsa thupi lanu kuganiza kuti muli ndi matenda obwera chifukwa cha matenda enaake. Nthawi zina zimakhala mbali ya kachilombo koyambirira. Nthawi zina, ndi mtundu wofooka wa kachilomboka.

Nthano: Makatemera ali ndi zotsatira zoyipa.

Zoona: Zotsatira zake zimakhala zofala ndi katemera. Zotsatira zodziwika bwino zimaphatikizapo kupweteka, kufiira, ndi kutupa pafupi ndi malo a jekeseni; kutentha pang'ono kwa madigiri 100.3; mutu; ndi chiphuphu. Zotsatira zoyipa ndizosowa kwambiri ndipo pali njira yapadziko lonse yosonkhanitsira chidziwitsochi. Ngati mukukumana ndi zachilendo, chonde dziwitsani dokotala wanu. Iwo amadziwa mmene anganenere zimenezi.

Bodza: Katemera amayambitsa vuto la autism spectrum.

Zoona: Pali umboni kuti katemera osayambitsa autism. Kafukufuku yemwe adasindikizidwa zaka 20 zapitazo adawonetsa koyamba kuti katemera amayambitsa kulumala komwe kumadziwika kuti Matenda a autism. Komabe, phunziro limenelo latsimikiziridwa kukhala labodza.

Nthano: Katemera ndi wowopsa kuti munthu atengere ali ndi pakati.

Zoona: Kwenikweni, zosiyana ndi zoona. Makamaka, CDC imalimbikitsa kupeza katemera wa chimfine (osati mtundu wamoyo) ndi DTAP (diphtheria, tetanus, ndi chifuwa cha chimfine). Katemerayu amateteza mayi ndi mwana amene akukula. Pali katemera wina amene savomerezeka pa nthawi ya mimba. Dokotala wanu akhoza kukambirana nanu izi.

familydoctor.org/vaccine-myths/

 

Resources

ibms.org/resources/news/vaccine-preventable-diseases-on-the-rise/

Bungwe Loyanganira Thanzi Padziko Lonse la Pansi. Zowopsa khumi ku thanzi lapadziko lonse lapansi mu 2019. Inafikira pa Ogasiti 5, 2021.  who.int/news-room/spotlight/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019

Hussain A, Ali S, Ahmed M, et al. Katemera wotsutsana ndi katemera: kutsika kwamankhwala amakono. Cureus. 2018;10(7):e2919.

jhsph.edu/covid-19/articles/achieving-herd-immunity-with-covid19.html