Amachiza ka-2021

Ngokutsho kwe-CDC, Ugonyo luya kuthintela ngaphezulu kwe-21 yezigidi zokulaliswa esibhedlele kunye nokufa kwe-730,000 phakathi kwabantwana abazelwe kwiminyaka engama-20 edlulileyo. Nge-$1 nganye etyalwe kwizitofu zokugonya, kuqikelelwa ukuba i-10.20 yeedola igcinwa kwiindleko zonyango ezithe ngqo. Kodwa imfundo eyongezelelekileyo yesigulana iyafuneka ukuphucula amazinga ogonyo.

Ke, yintoni ingxaki?

Kuba kusaqhubeka ukubakho intsomi malunga nezitofu zokugonya, masingene ngaphakathi.

Isitofu sokugonya sokuqala

Ngo-1796, ugqirha uEdward Jenner waphawula ukuba abancedisi bobisi bahlala bekhuselekile kwingqakaqha eyayichaphazela abantu basekuhlaleni. Uvavanyo oluyimpumelelo lukaJenner nge-cowpox lubonise ukuba ukosulela isigulana nge-cowpox kuyasikhusela ekuphuhliseni ingqakaqha, kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu, kwayila uluvo lokuba ukosulela izigulana ezingabantu ngosulelo olufanayo, kodwa olungachaphazeli kangako, kunokuthintela abantu ukuba bakhule ngakumbi. Eyaziwa ngokuba ngutata we-immunology, uJenner unikwe imbeko ngokwenza isitofu sokuqala sehlabathi. Ngokuzenzekelayo, igama elithi "ugonyo" lisuka kuyo inkomo, igama lesiLatini elithetha inkomo, nelithi igama lesiLatini elithi cowpox lalinjalo ugonyo lwe-variolae, elithetha “irhashalala yenkomo.”

Ukanti, ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-200 kamva, kusekho ukuqhambuka kwezifo ezigonywayo, yaye kwezinye iindawo ehlabathini kuyanda.

Kwakukho uphando olusekwe kwiwebhu ngo-Matshi ka-2021 yi-American Academy of Family Physicians ebonise ukuzithemba ngogonyo ngokusisiseko okanye ukonyuka kancinci ngexesha lobhubhani we-COVID-19. Malunga nama-20% abantu abaphandwayo bavakalise ukuhla kokuzithemba kwezitofu zokugonya. Xa udibanisa inyani yokuba abantu abambalwa banomthombo ophambili wokhathalelo kwaye abantu baya befumana ulwazi oluvela kwiindaba, kwi-intanethi, nakumajelo eendaba ezentlalo, kuyaqondakala ukuba kutheni kukho eli qela lizingisayo labakrokri ngogonyo. Ngaphaya koko, ngexesha lo bhubhani, abantu bafikelela kwimithombo yabo eqhelekileyo yokhathalelo rhoqo, nto leyo ebenza babe sesichengeni ngakumbi kulwazi olungelulo.

Ukuthembela ngundoqo

Ukuba ukuzithemba kwizitofu zokugonya kukhokelela ekufumaneni ugonyo oluyimfuneko kuwe okanye kubantwana bakho, ngelixa ukungazithembi kwenza okwahlukileyo, ngoko ke i-20% yabantu abangafumani mayeza okugonya okusibeka sonke apha e-US emngciphekweni wezifo ezinokuthintelwa. Sisenokufuna ubuncinci i-70% yabemi ukuze bakhuseleke kwi-COVID-19. Kwizifo ezosulelayo kakhulu njengemasisi, elo nani lisondele kuma-95%.

Ukuthandabuza ngesitofu sokugonya?

Ukuthandabuza okanye ukwala ukugonya ngaphandle kokufumaneka kwezitofu zokugonya kusongela ukubuyisela umva inkqubela eyenziweyo ekujonganeni nezifo ezithintelwayo ngogonyo. Ngamanye amaxesha, kumava am, into esiyibiza ngokuba mathidala kwisitofu sokugonya isenokuba kukungakhathali. Inkolelo ethi “oku akuyi kundichaphazela,” ngoko kukho ingqiqo kwabanye yokuba ezi ziingxaki zabanye abantu kungekhona ezabo. Oku kukhuthaze incoko eninzi malunga “nesivumelwano sethu sentlalontle” omnye komnye. Oku kuchaza izinto esizenzayo ngabanye ukuze kungenelwe wonke umntu. Inokubandakanya ukuyeka kwisibane esibomvu, okanye ukungatshayi kwindawo yokutyela. Ukufumana ugonyo yenye yezona ndlela zonga iindleko zokuthintela izifo - okwangoku kuthintela ukufa kwezigidi ezi-2-3 ngonyaka, kwaye esinye sezigidi ezisisi-1.5 sinokuthintelwa ukuba ugonyo lwehlabathi luyaphucuka.

Ukuchaswa kwezitofu zokugonya kudala njengezitofu ngokwazo. Kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo okanye kunjalo, kuye kwakho ukwanda kokuchaswa kwezitofu ngokubanzi, ngokukodwa ngokuchasene ne-MMR (imasisi, i-mumps, kunye ne-rubella). Oku kukhuthazwe ngowayesakuba ngugqirha waseBritane owapapasha iinkcukacha ezibubuxoki ezinxulumanisa isitofu sokugonya i-MMR kwi-autism. Abaphandi baphonononge izitofu zokugonya kunye ne-autism kwaye abakhange bafumane ikhonkco. Baye bafumanisa i-gene enoxanduva oluthetha ukuba lo mngcipheko wawukho ukususela ekuzalweni.

Ixesha lisenokuba ngunobangela. Rhoqo abantwana abaqala ukubonakalisa iimpawu ze-autism spectrum disorder bakwenza oko ngexesha befumana isitofu sokugonya imasisi, uqwilikana kunye nerubella.

Ukungakhuseleki komhlambi?

Xa inkoliso yabemi ikhuselekile kwizifo ezosulelayo, oku kunika inkuselo engangqalanga—ekwabizwa ngokuba kukunganyangeki kwabantu, ukunganyangeki kwemihlambi, okanye ukukhuseleka komhlambi—kwabo bangakhuselekanga kwesi sifo. Ukuba umntu onemasisi ebenokuza e-US, umzekelo, abantu abasithoba kwaba-10 abantu anokuthi abosulele bebeya kukhuseleka, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba imasisi isasazeke kubemi.

Okukhona usulelo lusosulela, kokukhona liphezulu inani labemi abafuna ukhuseleko phambi kokuba amazinga osulelo aqale ukwehla.

Eli nqanaba lokhuseleko kwisifo esiqatha lenza ukuba kwenzeke ukuba, nokuba asinakukuphelisa usulelo lwe-coronavirus kwakamsinya, sisenokufikelela kwinqanaba lokungakhuseleki kwabantu apho iziphumo ze-COVID zinokulawuleka.

Akunakwenzeka ukuba siyitshabalalise i-COVID-19 okanye siyifikelele kwinqanaba lento efana nemasisi e-US Kodwa sinokwakha ukungakhuseleki okwaneleyo kubemi bethu ukuba siyenze ibe sisifo thina njengoluntu esinokuphila naso. Singafika kule ndawo ngokukhawuleza, ukuba sifumana abantu aboneleyo abagonyiweyo-kwaye yindawo efanele ukusebenzela kuyo.

Iintsomi nenyaniso

Ubuxoki: Izitofu zokugonya azisebenzi.

Nyaniso: Izitofu zokugonya zithintela izifo ezininzi ebezifudula zigula kakhulu abantu. Ngoku abantu begonyelwa ezo zifo, azisaxhaphakanga. Imasisi ngumzekelo omhle.

Inkolelo: Izitofu zokugonya azikhuselekanga.

Nyaniso: Ukhuseleko lwezitofu zokugonya lubalulekile, ukusuka ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni. Ngexesha lophuhliso, inkqubo engqongqo kakhulu ijongwa yi-US Food and Drug Administration.

Inkolelo: Andifuni amayeza. Ugonyo lwam lwendalo lungcono kunogonyo.

Nyaniso: Izifo ezininzi ezinokuthintelwa ziyingozi kwaye zinokubangela iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga. Kukhuseleke kakhulu—kwaye kulula—ukufumana izitofu endaweni yoko. Ngaphezu koko, ukugonywa kukunceda ukuba ungasasazeki esi sifo kubantu abangagonywanga abakungqongileyo.

Ubuxoki: Izitofu zokugonya ziquka uhlobo oluphilayo lwentsholongwane.

Nyaniso: Izifo zibangelwa lusulelo lwebhaktiriya okanye yintsholongwane. Izitofu zokugonya zikhohlisa umzimba wakho ukuba ucinge ukuba unosulelo olubangelwa sisifo esithile. Ngamanye amaxesha yinxalenye yentsholongwane yokuqala. Ngamanye amaxesha, luguqulelo olubuthathaka lwentsholongwane.

Inkolelo: Izitofu zokugonya zineziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezibi.

Nyaniso: Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zinokuqheleka kwizitofu zokugonya. Iziphumo eziqhelekileyo ezinokwenzeka ziquka intlungu, ubomvu, kunye nokudumba kufuphi nendawo yokutofa; umkhuhlane ophantsi ongaphantsi kwe-100.3 degrees; intloko ebuhlungu; kunye nerhashalala. Iziphumo ezibi kakhulu zinqabile kwaye kukho inkqubo yesizwe yokuqokelela olu lwazi. Ukuba ufumana nantoni na engaqhelekanga, nceda uxelele ugqirha wakho. Bayayazi indlela yokuxela olu lwazi.

Ubuxoki: Izitofu zokugonya zibangela ukuphazamiseka kwe-autism.

Nyaniso: Kukho ubungqina bokuba izitofu zokugonya musa ukubanga i-autism. Uphononongo olwapapashwa kwiminyaka engama-20 eyadlulayo lwaqala lwacebisa ukuba izitofu zokugonya zibangela ukukhubazeka okwaziwa ngokuba Ukuphazamiseka kwembonakalo yengqondo. Nangona kunjalo, olo phando luye lwangqinwa ukuba lububuxoki.

Inkolelo: Ugonyo alukhuselekanga ukuba ungalufumana xa ukhulelwe.

Nyaniso: Eneneni, okwahlukileyo koko kuyinyaniso. Ngokukodwa, i-CDC icebisa ukuba ufumane isitofu sokugonya umkhuhlane (hayi inguqulelo ephilayo) kunye ne-DTAP (i-diphtheria, i-tetanus, kunye nokhohlokhohlo). Ezi zitofu zikhusela umama kunye nosana olukhulayo. Kukho izitofu zokugonya ezingakhuthazwayo ngexesha lokukhulelwa. Ugqirha wakho unokuxoxa nawe ngale nto.

familydoctor.org/vaccine-myths/

 

Resources

ibms.org/resources/news/vaccine-preventable-diseases-on-the-rise/

I-World Health Organization. Izigrogriso ezilishumi kwimpilo yehlabathi ngo-2019. Ifikeleleke nge-5 ka-Agasti ka-2021.  who.int/news-room/spotlight/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019

Hussain A, Ali S, Ahmed M, et al. Intshukumo yokuchasana nokugonywa: ukwehla kumayeza anamhlanje. Cureus. 2018;10(7):e2919.

jhsph.edu/covid-19/articles/achieving-herd-immunity-with-covid19.html